Kalimat Present perfect

   Present Perfect Tense

1. Budi and Agus have worked here for five years.
2. I have called you several times this week.
3. I have gained five pounds since I started my diet.
4. I have never tried to raise chickens.
5. Have you read the book yet?
6. I have seen that movie twenty times.
7. They have had three tests in the last week.
8. I have been to Bandung in the last year
9. Rina has not finished his homework yet
10. The army has attacked that city five times.


Keterangan:
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau situasi yang pernah atau sudah terjadi. Kapan terjadinya tindakan atau situasi itu tidak terlalu penting.

Pola kalimat present perfect tense.

Pola I
(+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3

Pola II
(+) S + have/has + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + have/has + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Have/has + S + been + Adj/Adv/N
Has dipakai jika subjek adalah orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it).

Dalam percakapan (present perfect tense) biasanya subject dan auxiliary verb mengalami penyingkatan (contraction). Dan kadang-kadang dalam bentuk tulisan, penyingkatan ini juga dipakai.
I’ve finished my work.
She’s been sick for two days.

Singkatan ‘s setelah subjek orang ketiga dapat berarti auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu)have atau be. “It’s eaten” dapat berarti:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
Kalo diperhatikan konteksnya, maka akan jelas auxiliary verbs yang mana yang dipakai.

Present perfect tense lebih sering dipakai di Inggris daripada di Amerika yang lebih sering menggunakan bentuk past tense.
Have you had lunch? (Inggris)
Did you have lunch? (Amerika)

direc and direct

Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

1.Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. 



Command

2.Direct : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”.
Indirect :He ordered his servant to go away at once.


 Entreaty

3.Direct : He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”.
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

Prohibition

4.Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”.
Indirect : She forbade her daughter to go there.

Request

5.Direct : He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”.
Indirect : He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil.

PUISI

                                                                       True Friend


Friend gives you smile but
True friend gives you happiness
Friend will lie about you but
True friend won't tell your lies
Thousand friend come when you are happy
But only one true friend comes when you cry
Friend comes when he need you
But true friend comes when you need him
Friend comes and leaves
But true friend is your forever

Kalimat Aktif and Pasif

Kalimat Aktif

1.Tissa is sitting on the chair
2.Lina wears the purple hat today
3.Mother cooked rice yesterday
4.Father asked them to buy a ticket yesterday
5.Muhammad Nurhuda hates Ilham Ramanto his cousin

Kalimat Pasif

1.The chair is being seated by Tisa
2.The purple hat wore by Lina
3.Rice was cooked by mother yesterday
4.They were asked by father to buy a ticket yesterday
5.Ilham Ramnto hated by Muhamada Nurhuda his cousin

Arikel adverbial clause

Pesticide Environmental Damage

During this time, we know that pesticides are very useful in helping farmers take care of his farm. Pesticides can prevent agricultural land from pest attack. This means that if farmers use pesticides, their agricultural products will increase and will make the lives of the farmers become more prosperous. With this understanding, the pesticide had been used in almost every agricultural land.

But, behind the benefits are great, the researchers finally realized that the pesticide has a considerable impact adversely on their use. After investigation, pesticides can damage aquatic ecosystems around the farm. Why is that? If pesticides are used, will produce the remnants of water containing pesticides. water containing these pesticides would flow through a river or stream irrigation and to cultivate algae in the waters of the river or irrigation was empty.

while that with the proliferation of algae, sunlight can cause hard to masu into the lake. This resulted in the animals or phytoplankton are not getting light. If phytoplankton is not getting light, it will not be able to photosynthesize and can no longer produce food for the animals water.

Besides damaging the ecosystem, pesticides also can damage the health especially the health of farmers. while that with frequent use of pesticides, the skin contact with pesticides will also be more frequent and can causeskin irritation . Or if the pesticide by inhalation and into the lungs, can interfere with respiratory health. 

With the adverse effects of pesticides, more farmers are encouraged to use organic farming systems that do not use chemicals at all. But the farm with this method also has the risk that is susceptible to be attacked by pests. But the results of this farm very healthy and will not harm our health.

Other studies also mentioned that the risk of cancer in people who smoke JV caused by pesticide use at the time of planting tobacco. If we compare those ancient times, although they were smokers, but they remain healthy and do not have cancer. This possibility has not been caused due to ancient times when the use of pesticides to plant tobacco.

Therefore, farmers should not be too much use of pesticides and organic farming. Organic farming is very useful and has no harmful side effects to environment and body.

Tugas Bahasa Inggris

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as,.

Contoh:

·         Shut the door before you go out.

·         You may begin when(ever) you are ready.

·         While he was walking home, he saw an accident.

·         By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.

·         No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever,.

Contoh:

·         They sat down wherever they could find empty seats

·         The guard stood where he was positioned.

·         Where there is a will, there is a way.

·         Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.

·         Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time,

Contoh:

·         As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.

·         Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.

·         Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.

·         He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that,.

Contoh:

·         He did as I told him.

·         You may finish it how you like.

·         They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, .

Contoh:

·         They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.

·         She bought a book so (that) she could learn English

·         He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.

·         I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

·         Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

·         It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.

·         The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.

·         The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

·         The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.

·         I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

·         He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.

·         The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

·         It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

·         It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

·         She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

·         They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.

·         Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.

·         This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.       Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, 

Contoh:

·         Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)

·         Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)

·         Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.       Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

·         Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.

·         Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.

·         As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.

·         Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

·         Alex failed the test because he didn't study.

·         Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.

·         Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test. 

Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)      Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)      Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverbClause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

·         While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep menjadi While sitting in class, I fell asleep.

·         While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep menjadi While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.

·         Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends menjadi Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

·         While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.

·         While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that),.

Contoh:

·         If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.

·         She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.

·         Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.

·         In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.

·         The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.

·         We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.